Estrategia de enfermería que contribuya en el confort en la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico de una institución de IV nivel : Control del ruido y luz ambiental

Abstract

El paciente crítico pediátrico se encuentra en estado de indefensión y en su mayoría completamente dependiente del cuidado integral como disposición que brinde el equipo de salud y en ocasiones sus familiares. Para una adecuada recuperación, es determinante conocer los factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos que influyen de manera negativa en la salud del niño tales como el exceso de ruido y la sobre iluminación ambiental. Estos dos factores generan perdida de la comodidad y el confort durante la estadía hospitalaria, afectando los sistemas inmunológicos, neurológico, gastrointestinal, cognitivo, afectación del sueño y vigilia, entre otros; además interfieren en la toma de decisiones por parte del personal asistencial. Por lo anterior, se diseñó e implementó una estrategia de enfermería encaminadas a disminuir el disconfort ocasionado por la luz y el ruido excesivo en la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico de una institución de IV Nivel, Bogotá- Colombia. Esta fue basada en la teoría del Confort de Katharine Kolcaba, que permitió la ejecución de actividades de enfermería donde se promovió el aumento del confort en la UCIP.

The pediatric critical patient is in a state of helplessness and most of them are completely dependent on the integral care provided by the health care team and sometimes by their relatives. For an adequate recovery, it is essential to know the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that have a negative influence on the child's health, such as excessive noise and over lighting. These two factors generate loss of comfort during the hospital stay, affecting the immunological, neurological, gastrointestinal and cognitive systems, affecting sleep and wakefulness, among others; they also interfere in the decision-making process of the health care personnel. Therefore, a nursing strategy was designed and implemented to reduce the discomfort caused by excessive light and noise in the pediatric intensive care unit of a IV level institution, Bogota, Colombia. This was based on Katharine Kolcaba's Comfort theory, which allowed the execution of nursing activities that promoted the increase of comfort in the UCIP. This management project was carried out under the logical framework methodology with the development of a strategy according to the Whittemore & Grey criteria called "Without light and noise I take care of you". Results: In the implementation of the strategy, the level of prior knowledge of the population regarding the adverse effects caused by constant exposure to noise and over lighting was identified, resulting in an average level for both staff and caregiver in 69.58% and 63.3% respectively. In this way we intervened through educational activities that generated a high level of knowledge as evidenced by the post-test applied. This generated a positive impact on the population, replacing negative activities with protective ones that improved the quality of care and patient care. The continuity of the strategy and adjustments to the unit's premises were recommended to reduce the discomfort caused by the two stressors.