Remodelación ósea en espondiloartritis

Abstract

Spondyloarthritis is a group of several related but phenotypically distinct chronic inflammatory diseases, characterized by progressive new bone formation which leads to ankylosis and functional disability. Radiographic images evidence not only erosive changes but also overgrowth of bony structures called syndesmophytes. These inflammation, bone destruction and new bone formation are located in the entheses, which constitutes the primary organ of the disease. As a consequence, the inflammatory process results in excess of bone formation and the impact depends on the location, cell type, cytokines and local microenvironment factors. Several molecules playing a role as immune modulators or regulators of bone homeostasis, mediate the imbalance between bone resorption and formation. In the same way, animal models suggest that joint ankylosis may be independent from the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Therefore, the process of new tissue (bone) formation can be considered as an additional therapeutic target. The Wnt signaling pathway, which is considered the primary regulator of osteoblastogenesis, constitutes a new research field of great interest in the last decade.

Las espondiloartritis (SpA) corresponden a un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades crónicas caracterizadas por entesitis tanto axial como periférica, artritis y manifestaciones extraarticulares. Las alteraciones radiológicas observadas en dichos pacientes revelan cambios erosivos en los ángulos de los cuerpos vertebrales en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad y proliferación de estructuras óseas conocidas como sindesmofitos hallados en fases más tardías. La fusión de sindesmofitos en los cuerpos vertebrales adyacentes, originan el aspecto radiológico de la columna vertebral conocido como caña de bambú . Como evento final, la anquilosis conlleva a la pérdida de funcionalidad de las estructuras articulares comprometidas. El uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) o el bloqueo farmacológico del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-alpha), han evidenciado que no detienen la progresión de la erosión ósea acelerada y/o formación de sindesmofitos.